Hiponátriémiának

Hiponátriémiának, commonly known as hyponatremia, is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in and around cells, as well as in nerve and muscle function. When sodium levels drop too low, water moves into the body's cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can be particularly dangerous in the brain, leading to symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, fatigue, muscle cramps, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, and even death.

Hyponatremia can arise from a variety of causes. These include excessive fluid intake, which dilutes the sodium in the blood; certain medical conditions like heart failure, kidney disease, or liver disease; hormonal imbalances such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH); and the use of certain medications, particularly diuretics. Dehydration can paradoxically lead to hyponatremia if a person drinks large amounts of plain water without adequate electrolyte replacement.

Diagnosis is typically made through a blood test that measures serum sodium levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Mild cases may be managed by restricting fluid intake or adjusting medications. More severe cases often require intravenous administration of sodium-containing solutions, which must be done carefully to avoid rapid correction that can lead to serious neurological complications. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent the potentially life-threatening consequences of hyponatremia.