Heaters

Heaters are devices that convert energy into heat to raise the temperature of a space or object. They range from portable electric units to integrated central systems that warm an entire building. Major types include electric resistance heaters (convection, radiant, and fan-forced), gas or propane heaters, oil-filled radiators, and hydronic systems that circulate heated water or glycol. Radiant heaters emit infrared warmth to people and objects, while convection heaters warm air that then circulates.

Electric heaters are widely used for supplemental warming and in areas without gas service. They offer high operating efficiency in terms of heat output relative to electricity input, but running costs depend on energy prices. Gas and propane heaters provide substantial heat and are common for primary space heating in cooler climates, but they require proper venting and detectors for carbon monoxide. Hydronic systems heat water in a boiler and distribute the warmth via radiators or underfloor systems, providing steady heat with quiet operation. Oil-filled radiators use enclosed oil as a heat reservoir and emit gentler warmth over time.

Efficiency and safety: selecting appropriately sized units and using thermostats, timers, and energy-saving modes improves comfort and reduces energy use. Fuel-burning models require proper venting, adequate clearances from combustibles, and maintenance to prevent leaks or buildup. Portable electric heaters should include overheat protection and, ideally, tip-over switches.

Maintenance and standards: regular inspection of vents, connections, and detectors; cleaning or replacing filters where applicable; and adherence to safety standards from regulatory bodies help reduce risk. Energy performance and installation guidelines vary by region and appliance type.