Hauptstimmen

Hauptstimme, plural Hauptstimmen, is a term in music theory and notation for the principal melodic line in a polyphonic texture, especially in atonal and twelve‑tone music. The Hauptstimme marks the line that should be foregrounded, while accompanying lines labeled Nebenstimme serve as subordinate voices within the same texture.

Origin and use: The system was introduced by Arnold Schoenberg in the early 20th century to clarify voice-leading in dense atonal and serial passages. It was later adopted by composers of the Second Viennese School and other modernists, and it appeared in a wide range of 20th‑century scores where multiple lines compete for melodic priority. The concept remains associated with how complex textures are organized in performance and interpretation.

Notation and practice: In scores, the Hauptstimme is indicated with a dedicated sign over the staff, paired with a corresponding Nebenstimme sign for other lines. In many editions the marks are accompanied by letters such as H for Hauptstimme and N for Nebenstimme to indicate switching of leadership. Performers are expected to bring forward the Hauptstimme through phrasing, dynamics, and articulation, while the Nebenstimmen provide contrast and support. Changes of leadership can occur when the musical emphasis shifts from one line to another.

Significance and interpretation: The Hauptstimme/Nebenstimme system provides a practical way to analyze and perform complex textures in modernist works. It is not a universal rule, but a notational tool that helps guide ensemble coordination and listener perception of melodic hierarchy in dense musical fabrics.

See also: Nebenstimme.