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HNP1

HNP-1 stands for human neutrophil peptide-1, also known as alpha-defensin 1. It is a small cationic antimicrobial peptide produced by neutrophils and is part of the human defensin family. HNP-1 is stored in azurophilic granules and is released during neutrophil activation in response to infection or injury, contributing to the first line of innate immune defense.

The mature HNP-1 peptide is approximately 29-30 amino acids long and contains multiple cysteine residues forming

Beyond direct antimicrobial effects, HNP-1 can modulate the immune response by acting as a chemoattractant for

HNP-1 is encoded by genes within the alpha-defensin gene cluster on chromosome 8, including DEFA1 and DEFA3;

three
disulfide
bonds,
which
stabilize
its
structure.
It
is
highly
positively
charged
and
can
bind
to
negatively
charged
microbial
membranes,
leading
to
disruption
and
lysis.
It
exhibits
broad-spectrum
antimicrobial
activity
against
bacteria,
fungi,
and
some
viruses,
and
can
also
interact
with
lipopolysaccharide
to
dampen
inflammatory
responses.
immune
cells
such
as
monocytes
and
T
cells
and
by
influencing
cytokine
production.
It
may
play
a
role
in
wound
healing
and
in
shaping
inflammatory
processes
at
sites
of
infection.
copy
number
variation
in
this
region
can
occur
among
individuals.
Levels
of
HNP-1
can
be
elevated
in
inflammatory
diseases
and
infections,
making
it
a
focus
of
study
for
biomarkers
and
potential
therapeutic
uses,
though
clinical
applications
remain
experimental.