HEK293

HEK293 is a human cell line derived from embryonic kidney cells. It was developed in the 1970s by Frank Graham at the University of Leiden and created by transforming a normal human embryo kidney cell with adenovirus type 5 DNA. The transformation confers properties that make the cells easily grown and genetically manipulated, which has contributed to its widespread use.

In culture, HEK293 cells are typically adherent with an epithelial-like morphology. They are relatively easy to grow and transfect, often maintained in standard media such as DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum. They grow as a monolayer and are compatible with conventional incubator conditions used in many laboratories.

Numerous derivatives exist that extend the utility of HEK293. HEK293T expresses the SV40 large T antigen, enabling efficient propagation of plasmids with SV40 origins and enhancing protein expression. HEK293F and related lines are adapted for suspension growth in serum-free conditions, suitable for large-scale protein production. HEK293S (GnTI-) lines are used for controlled N-linked glycosylation profiles.

Applications include recombinant protein production, production of viral vectors (notably lentiviral and adeno-associated viruses), and serving as hosts for transient gene expression. They are widely used in basic research and biotechnology for research, therapeutic development, and vaccine production.

Safety and ethics: HEK293 is a transformed human cell line and is typically handled under standard cell culture biosafety guidelines (commonly BSL-2). Researchers use it with appropriate institutional approvals and containment practices.