HCoV

HCoV refers to a group of RNA viruses within the family Coronaviridae. These viruses are known for their crown-like spikes on their surface, which is where their name originates. Coronaviruses are a common cause of respiratory illness in humans, ranging from mild to severe. Most people will be infected with a coronavirus at some point in their lives, often experiencing symptoms similar to the common cold. However, certain strains have the potential to cause more serious diseases.

Historically, several human coronaviruses have been identified. Four common strains, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1, are responsible for a significant percentage of common colds. In addition to these, three novel coronaviruses have emerged in recent decades, causing more severe outbreaks. These include the virus responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Transmission of HCoVs typically occurs through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Close contact with an infected individual or touching contaminated surfaces followed by touching one's face are also common routes of infection. While most infections result in mild illness, vulnerable populations such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and those with pre-existing health conditions are at higher risk of developing severe complications.