Großanatomie

Großanatomie, or macroscopic anatomy, is the branch of anatomy that studies anatomical structures visible to the naked eye. It covers the organization of the human body into organs, organ systems and regions, and contrasts with microanatomy (histology) and cytology, which require magnification. The field relies on direct observation of structures through dissection, inspection, and surface examination, and is increasingly complemented by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that allow non-invasive visualization in living persons.

Two common approaches are systemic anatomy, which analyzes the body by organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, etc.), and regional or topographic anatomy, which studies all structures within a defined region (head and neck, thorax, abdomen-pelvis, limbs). Clinical or applied gross anatomy emphasizes the relationships of anatomical structures in health and disease, including variations, surgical approaches, and the interpretation of imaging findings.

Education in Großanatomie traditionally involves cadaveric dissection and prosection, supplemented by surface anatomy and prosection of specimens; modern curricula integrate radiological correlation and 3D visualization. Understanding gross anatomy is essential for medical practice, enabling accurate physical examination, diagnosis, surgical planning, and interpretation of imaging studies.

Historic note: the study of gross anatomy has roots in ancient sculptural and medical traditions, with substantial advances during the Renaissance, notably by Andreas Vesalius, who emphasized direct observation of human bodies.