Glenohumeralled

Glenohumeralled is an adjective relating to the glenohumeral joint, the ball-and-socket joint that forms the main articulation of the shoulder. The joint connects the head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and enables a wide range of upper-limb movements, while stability is provided primarily by soft tissues and ligaments rather than the bone geometry.

Anatomy of the joint includes the humeral head and the glenoid cavity as the articular surfaces. The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim that deepens the socket. The joint is enclosed by a fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane. The rotator cuff tendons—supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—stabilize the humeral head, while the capsule is reinforced by ligaments such as the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments, the coracohumeral ligament, and the coracoacromial arch. The deltoid and pectoral muscles contribute to movement and further support the joint.

Innervation and blood supply help sustain function. The axillary nerve supplies the deltoid region and contributes to joint sensation, while the suprascapular nerve innervates the rotator cuff muscles. Blood supply comes from branches of the axillary and suprascapular arteries, including the posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Function and clinical relevance: the glenohumeral joint allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction. Stability relies largely on soft-tissue structures rather than bony fit. Common issues include dislocation (most often anterior), rotator cuff tears, labral injuries, arthritis, and adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).