Gesamtreflexivität

Gesamtreflexivität is a concept originating in German sociology, particularly associated with Niklas Luhmann's systems theory. It refers to the capacity of a social system to reflect upon its own functioning, structures, and limitations, not just as a collection of individual actions, but as a self-referential, operational entity. This involves the system's ability to observe itself and generate observations about its own operations and the distinctions it makes.

In Luhmann's framework, systems are characterized by their autopoiesis, meaning they produce and reproduce themselves through their own operations. Gesamtreflexivität, therefore, is the system's internal capacity to produce observations that are directed back at the system itself. This can manifest in various ways, such as the development of internal critique, the formulation of norms and values that govern the system's behavior, or the creation of specialized subsystems (like science or law) dedicated to observing and evaluating the system.

A key aspect of Gesamtreflexivität is that it is not necessarily a conscious or intentional act on the part of system members. Instead, it is an inherent property of complex social systems that allows them to adapt and maintain their identity over time. The degree and form of Gesamtreflexivität can vary significantly between different types of social systems, such as a family, an organization, or a society as a whole. Understanding Gesamtreflexivität helps in analyzing how systems maintain stability while also undergoing change and development, by continuously observing and re-evaluating their own operational logic.