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Geologiske

Geologiske is the Danish and Norwegian term used to describe geology, the scientific study of the Earth. The field covers the composition and properties of Earth materials, such as rocks, minerals, and soil, the structure of the planet, and the processes that shape its surface and interior, including plate tectonics, volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, and groundwater flow. It also examines the Earth's history through the geologic time scale and the fossil record. The discipline integrates field observations, laboratory analysis, and theoretical modeling to understand past and present Earth systems.

Subfields include structural geology, which studies rock deformation; stratigraphy, the arrangement of rock layers; paleontology, the

Applications range from locating and managing mineral and energy resources to assessing geological hazards such as

study
of
fossils;
geomorphology,
the
shaping
of
landforms;
geochemistry
and
petrology,
which
analyze
chemical
composition
and
rock
origin;
hydrogeology,
mineralogy,
geophysics,
and
paleoclimatology.
Interdisciplinary
work
links
geology
with
environmental
science,
engineering,
and
natural-resource
management.
earthquakes,
landslides,
and
floods;
guiding
water-resource
planning
and
soil
conservation;
and
informing
climate
research
and
land-use
planning.
The
modern
framework
of
geology
rests
on
the
theory
of
plate
tectonics,
developed
in
the
mid-20th
century,
which
explains
the
movement
of
Earth's
lithospheric
plates
and
the
origin
of
many
geological
features.
Key
figures
include
early
proponents
like
James
Hutton
and
Charles
Lyell,
whose
ideas
laid
the
groundwork
for
an
understanding
of
Earth's
ancient
history.