GPR120

GPR120, also known as free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by medium and long-chain free fatty acids. It is primarily expressed in adipocytes, macrophages, and taste receptor cells in the tongue. GPR120 plays a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation.

In adipocytes, GPR120 activation by free fatty acids promotes insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. It also influences adipogenesis and the secretion of adipokines, which are hormones produced by fat cells that regulate energy balance and inflammation. In macrophages, GPR120 activation has anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. This anti-inflammatory action is thought to be mediated through the inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling.

In taste receptor cells, GPR120 is involved in the detection of fatty acids, contributing to the sense of taste and potentially influencing food intake and satiety. The signaling pathways downstream of GPR120 activation involve the activation of G proteins, leading to the modulation of various intracellular signaling cascades, including the MAPK and PI3K pathways.

Dysregulation of GPR120 has been implicated in metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Consequently, GPR120 is considered a potential therapeutic target for these conditions. Research is ongoing to develop agonists or antagonists of GPR120 that could modulate its activity and ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and inflammation.