GLONASSiin

GLONASS is a Russian satellite navigation system, operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. It is the Russian counterpart to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and Europe's Galileo. GLONASS provides global positioning and timing services, similar to GPS, allowing users with compatible receivers to determine their location on Earth. The system consists of a constellation of satellites orbiting the Earth in medium Earth orbit.

The development of GLONASS began in the Soviet Union in 1976. The first satellite was launched in 1982. The system became fully operational in 1996. After a period of degradation in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Russia undertook a comprehensive modernization program for GLONASS. This involved launching new generations of satellites and improving ground control infrastructure. By 2011, the constellation was restored to its full operational capacity.

GLONASS uses a different system of orbital mechanics and frequency allocation compared to GPS. Its satellites are in orbits that are inclined at a higher angle to the equator, which can provide better coverage in high-latitude regions. GLONASS signals are openly available for civilian use worldwide, although some specific military capabilities are reserved. Many modern navigation devices, including smartphones and car GPS units, are designed to receive signals from both GPS and GLONASS, enhancing positioning accuracy and reliability, especially in challenging environments like urban canyons or mountainous areas. The system continues to be maintained and upgraded by Russia.