Fotowoltaik

Fotowoltaik refers to the conversion of light into electricity using semiconductor devices. Solar cells arranged into modules form photovoltaic systems that can generate power from sunlight. The technology is widely deployed on rooftops, in utility-scale farms, and in various off-grid applications.

Principle: A solar cell, typically based on silicon, uses a p-n junction. When illuminated, photons generate electron-hole pairs. The built-in electric field separates charges, creating direct current. Inverters convert this DC to alternating current for the grid or local use, while storage options may add batteries.

Materials and efficiency: Crystalline silicon cells (mono- and polycrystalline) dominate commercial modules. Thin-film options include CdTe, CIGS, and amorphous silicon. Perovskites are a rapidly developing area. Commercial module efficiencies are commonly in the 15–22% range; higher figures occur in specialized or lab devices.

Deployment and economics: Photovoltaik systems can be ground-mounted or mounted on buildings. They are linked to the electricity network and may include storage. Costs have fallen sharply, improving competitiveness with conventional generation. Benefits include low operating costs and reduced greenhouse gas emissions; limitations include intermittency and land or material use concerns.

History: The photovoltaic effect was observed in 1839 by Edmond Becquerel. Commercial solar cells appeared in the 1950s, with rapid growth in the 2000s driven by policy, manufacturing scale, and technology maturation. Today fotowoltaik is a major component of clean energy strategies worldwide.

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