Fotogramm

Fotogramm, or photogram, is a photographic image made without a camera by exposing a light-sensitive surface directly to light while objects are laid on or placed near the surface. The objects obscure part of the light, producing silhouettes or tonal variations that reflect the shape, density and translucency of the items. The technique relies on contact printing: the final image is formed in the same size and orientation as the objects placed on the light-sensitive material.

History and notable practitioners

Photograms have roots in early photographic experiments such as photogenic drawing in the 1830s. The term photogram gained prominence in the 20th century through the work of Bauhaus artist László Moholy-Nagy, who produced extensive bodies of photograms and wrote about the method. In parallel, Man Ray popularized a related practice known as rayographs or rayograms, which used found objects and often added a surreal or abstract character. The technique has since become a staple in experimental photography and modern art.

Process and materials

Traditional photograms use silver gelatin photographic paper or similar light-sensitive surfaces. Objects such as leaves, fabric, metal, glass or tools are arranged on the surface, which is then exposed to light. After exposure, the paper is developed and fixed, yielding a negative-like image where the shapes appear as white or tinted silhouettes against a darker background. Variants include using cyanotype or gum prints, multiple exposures, or toning to alter color and mood. Contemporary artists may combine photograms with digital processes or alternative printing methods.

Applications and influence

Photograms are valued for their direct, camera-less interface between light and matter. They are used in education to illustrate imaging principles, and in fine art to explore abstraction, texture and form. The method also intersects with experimental movements, photography history, and printmaking traditions.