Fosforatoom

Fosforatoom refers to the phosphorus atom, the basic unit of the chemical element phosphorus. The phosphorus atom has atomic number 15, symbol P, and belongs to group 15 (the pnictogens) of the periodic table. In its neutral state, it contains 15 electrons arranged as [Ne]3s2 3p3, giving it five valence electrons. Its common oxidation states include −3, +3, and +5, with −3 seen in many phosphides and +5 in phosphates and oxides.

Elemental phosphorus exists in several allotropes. White phosphorus consists of P4 tetrahedra, is highly reactive and toxic, and is typically stored under water to limit contact with air. Red phosphorus is more stable and less reactive; it is produced by heating white phosphorus and is widely used in safety matches, flame retardants, and various polymers. Black phosphorus represents another allotrope with a layered, semi‑conductive structure and the lowest reactivity among the three.

Natural occurrence and biological role. Phosphorus does not occur as a free element in nature; it is found in minerals such as apatite. It is essential for life, forming a key component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids. Industrially, phosphate rocks are processed to produce phosphoric acid and a range of phosphate fertilizers critical for agriculture.

History. Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand in Germany, who isolated it by distilling urine. The name derives from the Greek phōsphoros, meaning “light-bearer,” reflecting the element’s glow in the dark before purification.

Safety and applications. Phosphorus compounds are widespread in industry and agriculture. Elemental white phosphorus is highly toxic and can ignite in air, requiring careful handling and storage; red and black phosphorus are less hazardous and find broader technological use.