Formiat

Formiat is the common name for the formate ion, which has the chemical formula HCOO-. It is the conjugate base of formic acid, the simplest carboxylic acid. Formiate salts are compounds containing this ion, such as sodium formate (HCOONa) and potassium formate (HCOOK). Formiate esters are derivatives of formic acid where the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an organic group.

The formate ion is a planar molecule with resonance structures that distribute the negative charge between the two oxygen atoms. This resonance contributes to its stability. Formates are generally soluble in water, with solubility varying depending on the cation.

In nature, formiate is found in various biological processes. For instance, it is an intermediate in the metabolism of some microorganisms and can be produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Formic acid is also present in the venom of ants and bees, where the formate ion is its conjugate base.

Industrially, formiates have several applications. Sodium formate is used as a de-icing agent for airport runways and as a reducing agent in chemical synthesis. It also finds use in the leather tanning industry and in the production of formic acid. Potassium formate is employed as a drilling fluid in the oil and gas industry due to its high density and biodegradability. Formate esters, such as methyl formate and ethyl formate, are used as solvents and in the production of certain pharmaceuticals and fragrances.