Finansman

Finansman is the process of providing capital for activities such as starting a business, maintaining operations, expanding capacity, or funding projects. It covers the planning, procurement, and management of funds to meet financial obligations and support desired outcomes. Finansman can be provided by external sources or drawn from internal resources, and it affects a borrower’s liquidity, leverage, and governance.

Finansman is commonly categorized into debt financing, equity financing, and internal financing. Debt financing involves borrowing money with the obligation to repay principal plus interest, such as bank loans, lines of credit, bonds, or supplier credit. Equity financing involves exchanging a stake in the venture for capital, through venture capital, angel investors, private equity, or public offerings. Internal financing uses retained earnings or depreciation savings to fund activities. Hybrid instruments like mezzanine financing or convertible debt combine features of both debt and equity.

Sources and mechanisms vary by economy but typically include banks and microfinance institutions, credit unions, capital markets, government programs, development banks, and alternative channels such as crowdfunding, leasing, and factoring. The financing process usually includes a proposal, due diligence, and agreement on terms, including interest rates or returns, repayment schedules, collateral or covenants, and, in equity deals, governance rights and ownership dilution. Terms depend on risk, cash flow, collateral, and regulatory requirements.

Key considerations include cost of capital, liquidity, control, maturity, and the impact on financial ratios. Financing strategies aim to balance growth opportunities with financial stability, avoiding under- or over-capitalization. Finansman ecosystems differ across regions, influenced by credit infrastructure, legal frameworks, and access to capital.