Feszültségkiegyenlítés

Feszültségkiegyenlítés, often translated as voltage equalization or voltage balancing, is a process primarily used in battery systems. Its purpose is to ensure that individual cells within a battery pack maintain similar voltage levels. This is crucial for the overall health, performance, and longevity of the battery.

In a multi-cell battery pack, such as those found in electric vehicles or large energy storage systems, it's common for cells to have slight variations in their charging and discharging rates. Over time, these differences can lead to some cells becoming overcharged while others are undercharged. Overcharging can cause irreversible damage and reduce the lifespan of a cell, while undercharging limits the overall capacity of the battery pack.

Feszültségkiegyenlítés aims to mitigate these imbalances. There are two main methods: passive and active. Passive voltage equalization typically involves bleeding off excess charge from higher-voltage cells through resistors, dissipating the energy as heat. Active voltage equalization, on the other hand, transfers energy between cells, moving charge from cells with higher voltage to those with lower voltage, thus conserving energy.

Implementing feszültségkiegyenlítés requires a Battery Management System (BMS) that monitors the voltage of each cell and controls the equalization process. This system is essential for maximizing the usable capacity of the battery pack, improving its efficiency, and preventing premature degradation of individual cells.