Fenothion

Fenothion is an organophosphate insecticide that was widely used in agriculture and for domestic pest control until its ban in the United States in 1981. It is a colorless liquid with a slight odor and is soluble in organic solvents. Fenothion is a systemic insecticide, meaning it is absorbed by plants and then distributed throughout the plant, providing protection against a wide range of pests.

The active ingredient in fenothion is O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-methylthio-1,2-benzenediyl) phosphorothioate. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. This inhibition leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, in the synaptic cleft, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately causing paralysis and death in insects.

Fenothion was effective against a broad spectrum of pests, including aphids, mites, and beetles. However, its use has been controversial due to its potential health and environmental risks. Fenothion is toxic to humans and animals, and its use has been linked to various health issues, including neurological problems, birth defects, and cancer. Additionally, fenothion is persistent in the environment and can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, posing a risk to wildlife and ecosystems.

Due to these concerns, fenothion was banned for residential use in the United States in 1981 and for agricultural use in 1991. However, it is still used in some countries and is available for research purposes. The ban in the United States was based on the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, which requires the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the risks and benefits of pesticides before they can be registered for use.