Federacj

Federacj is not a standard English term; it is likely a truncated form of federation, or the Polish word federacja for federation. A federation is a political arrangement in which several autonomous regions or states join to form a single sovereign entity while preserving a degree of political autonomy for each unit. Federations are usually established by a constitution that divides powers between a central government and subnational units and provides mechanisms for dispute resolution and constitutional amendments.

Key features include a division of competences, a central authority with defined exclusive powers (such as defense, foreign policy, currency), and residual powers reserved to member units. Governance typically involves a national legislature and a second chamber representing the constituent units, a central executive, and federal courts that interpret constitutional powers and rights.

Examples of federal states include the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, and India. Federations are often contrasted with confederations, where the central authority is weaker and member states retain greater sovereignty, and with unitary states, where central government holds most powers. The term federacja exists in Polish to denote the same concept; in other languages, federation is used. The choice of a federal system reflects historical compromises, regional diversity, and the desire for uniform standards while preserving local autonomy.