Falopio

Falopio, commonly known as the Fallopian tubes, are two slender muscular ducts that extend from the upper corners of the uterus toward the ovaries. They form part of the female reproductive system and transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus, enabling fertilization and early embryo development. The name falópio or Fallopio is derived from the Italian anatomist Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562). In several languages, the structure is named after him, for example trompa de Falopio in Spanish and Portuguese.

Anatomy: Each tube measures about 10–12 cm and consists of four regions: fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus. The fimbriae are finger-like projections near the ovary that help capture the ovulated oocyte. The infundibulum leads into the ampulla, the usual site of fertilization, and the narrow isthmus connects to the uterine cavity. The tubal wall comprises a mucosa with ciliated columnar epithelium and secretory peg cells, a muscularis with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and an outer serosa.

Function: The coordinated action of ciliary beating and smooth muscle contractions moves the oocyte or zygote toward the uterus. The ampulla is typically the site of fertilization, after which the embryo travels through the tube for implantation in the uterine cavity. The mucosa provides nutrients to support fertilization and early embryo development.

Clinical relevance: Tubal blockage or scarring can cause infertility and raise the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Procedures such as tubal ligation aim to prevent transport. Infections (pelvic inflammatory disease) and endometriosis can damage the tubes. Diagnosis and assessment of patency often involve hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy.