FMNL

FMNL is a family of proteins that play a role in cell motility and cytokinesis. These proteins are formin-like, meaning they share structural similarities with formins, a well-known class of proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation. FMNL proteins are characterized by their N-terminal FH2 domain, which is essential for binding to actin filaments and promoting their assembly. They also possess a DAD (Diaphanous Auto-inhibitory Domain) which regulates their activity.

There are three main FMNL proteins in mammals: FMNL1, FMNL2, and FMNL3. These proteins are expressed in various tissues and have distinct functions. FMNL1 is particularly important during embryonic development, contributing to neurulation and the formation of the nervous system. It has also been implicated in cell migration and invasion in cancer. FMNL2 is known to be involved in cell division, specifically in the final stages of cytokinesis where the cell splits into two daughter cells. FMNL3's precise role is less understood but it is also believed to be involved in actin dynamics.

The regulation of FMNL proteins is complex and involves interactions with various other cellular components, including Rho GTPases, which are small signaling proteins that control cytoskeletal organization. Dysregulation of FMNL proteins has been linked to certain diseases, highlighting their critical importance in cellular processes. Research into FMNL proteins continues to uncover their intricate roles in health and disease.