Extinguisher

A fire extinguisher is a portable device designed to discharge an extinguishing agent to suppress incipient fires, allowing occupants to control a small fire or evacuate safely. It is intended for use on fires in early stages, before they become uncontrollable.

Extinguishing agents come in several types, including water-based agents for ordinary combustibles; foam for flammable liquids; dry chemical powders (including ABC and BC powders) for multi-class fires; carbon dioxide for electrical and sensitive equipment; and wet chemical or mist agents used in commercial kitchens and specialized applications.

Extinguishers are labeled with the fire classes they are suitable for. In many regions they are categorized as Class A (ordinary combustibles), Class B (flammable liquids), Class C (electrical), Class D (metals), and Class K or F in kitchens for cooking oils. Using the wrong type can be ineffective or dangerous, especially using water on electrical or oil fires.

To use a portable extinguisher, people are advised to follow the PASS method: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side. Extinguishers are intended for small, contained fires and require a safe escape path; if the fire is spreading beyond the initial area, evacuate and call emergency services.

Maintenance involves regular inspection and service. In many jurisdictions, extinguishers are visually checked monthly, with professional service and hydrostatic testing at intervals (about every 5 to 12 years, depending on the type and local regulations). After use, or if corrosion, leakage, or pressure loss is detected, they should be recharged or replaced. Standards such as NFPA 10 in the United States or EN 3 in Europe govern such equipment.

The first portable extinguishers appeared in the early 19th century, with modern, pressurized designs widely adopted in the 20th century. Today extinguishers are standard safety equipment in homes, workplaces, and public facilities.