Exclusivism

Exclusivism is a theological position that asserts that only one religious tradition or set of beliefs constitutes the path to ultimate truth or salvation, and that other traditions are incomplete or false. In soteriological terms, exclusivism claims that reliable access to divine grace or ultimate reality is possible only through that single tradition or its correct interpretation.

Scholars distinguish variants such as hard exclusivism, which asserts that only adherents of the truth can be saved, and soft or epistemic exclusivism, which allows for the possibility that non-adherents might be saved under certain circumstances or through responses to their own traditions. Some exclusivists hold that nonbelief or wrong belief excludes one from salvation; others acknowledge that people outside the tradition might be known or unknown to God as having responded rightly.

Within religious studies, exclusivism is most often discussed in Christian theology, where it has been contrasted with inclusivism (salvation through Christ but with some openness to non-Christians) and pluralism (recognizing multiple legitimate paths). Traditions outside Christianity also articulate exclusive claims, though attitudes toward other faiths vary widely and are highly contested.

Critics argue that exclusivism can conflict with pluralistic and liberal values, impede interfaith dialogue, and pose practical challenges in pluralistic societies. Proponents respond that exclusivism preserves doctrinal clarity and the integrity of a believed soteriological priority.