Euphorbiales

Euphorbiales is an order of flowering plants in the dicotyledonous group. It is characterized by certain floral and vegetative features, though its circumscription has varied over time. Historically, the order was defined more broadly, but modern phylogenetic studies, particularly those based on molecular data, have led to a more refined understanding of its relationships. The order is now largely recognized as containing the single family Euphorbiaceae, commonly known as the spurge family.

The Euphorbiaceae family is a very large and diverse group, with thousands of species found in a wide range of habitats across the globe. Plants in this family exhibit remarkable variability in form, from small herbaceous annuals to large trees. A common characteristic, though not universal, is the presence of a milky latex, which can be irritating or poisonous in some species. The flowers of Euphorbiales are often reduced and lack petals and sepals, with the reproductive structures being enclosed in specialized structures called cyathia, particularly prominent in the genus Euphorbia. These cyathia often resemble a single flower and are surrounded by bracts, with glands that may produce nectar or attractants. The fruit is typically a capsule, but other types are also found. Economic importance is significant, with many species providing sources of food, timber, medicine, and ornamental value. Examples include the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), the castor bean (Ricinus communis), and the poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima).