Ethosulfate

Ethosulfate, commonly referred to as ethyl sulfate, is the ester of sulfuric acid and ethanol. It exists as ethyl hydrogen sulfate (the acid form) and as the corresponding salts, such as sodium or potassium ethyl sulfate. In chemistry it can function as a sulfating reagent, introducing sulfate groups onto substrates or acting as a leaving group under certain conditions.

In biology and toxicology, ethanol is metabolized through sulfation to form ethyl sulfate, which is subsequently excreted in urine. Because its levels correlate with recent alcohol intake, ethyl sulfate is used as a biomarker in clinical and forensic analyses of alcohol consumption.

Physically, ethyl sulfate is typically a colorless, hygroscopic substance that is highly soluble in water. The neutral ester can hydrolyze under basic or acidic conditions to yield ethanol and sulfuric acid. It forms salts, such as sodium ethyl sulfate, which are used in laboratory settings and industrial applications.

Applications include serving as an intermediate in organic synthesis for sulfate ester formation, and, in analytical contexts, as a target or internal standard in methods for measuring alcohol exposure. Safety considerations note that ethyl sulfates can be irritants and should be handled with appropriate PPE, in a well-ventilated area, and stored away from incompatible materials. Proper disposal in accordance with chemical waste guidelines is recommended.