Ethernetnetwork

Ethernet network is a family of computer networking technologies used to build local area networks (LANs) by linking devices through Ethernet standards defined by the IEEE 802.3. It covers both the physical layer and the data link layer, including frame formats, addressing, error detection, and signaling. Modern Ethernet supports speeds from 10 Mbps to 100 Gbps and beyond, with ongoing developments to higher rates.

Historically, early Ethernet used shared media and a CSMA/CD access method on coaxial cables, which limited collision domains and scalability. Today, most Ethernet networks use switches to create separate collision domains and operate in full-duplex mode, effectively eliminating CSMA/CD in typical deployments. The technology remains backward compatible across generations, allowing devices to negotiate speed and duplex settings automatically.

Physical media for Ethernet includes copper twisted-pair cables (commonly Category 5e, Category 6, and higher) with RJ-45 connectors for distances up to about 100 meters, and fiber optic cables (various fiber types and connectors) for longer distances and higher security. Network topologies have shifted from bus-like coaxial layouts to star topologies centered on switches. Routers connect Ethernet LANs to other networks, including the Internet, while switches forward frames within the LAN and may support features such as VLANs and Power over Ethernet (PoE).

Ethernet frames carry destination and source MAC addresses, a EtherType or length field, payload, and a frame check sequence for error detection. VLAN tagging (IEEE 802.1Q) and various speed and media adaptations enable scalable, interoperable networks used in homes, offices, and data centers.