Enumbers

Enumbers, commonly referred to as E numbers, are a standardized coding system used in the European Union to identify approved food additives. Each enumber consists of the letter E followed by a three-digit number, and may appear on ingredient lists as the code or alongside the additive’s common name. The system provides a concise, uniform reference that helps regulators, manufacturers, and consumers recognize additives across member states.

The enumber scheme originates from EU food additive regulations. Food additives are evaluated for safety by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). If deemed safe for use, they are approved by the European Commission and listed in regulations such as EC Regulation 1333/2008 on food additives. The assigned numbers cover colorants, sweeteners, preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, and other functional ingredients. The list is periodically updated to reflect new science and market needs.

On labels, enumbers help communicate permitted additives and enable easier comparison across products. In addition to the E number, a product may include the additive’s conventional name or functional class. Some additives are restricted to specific foods or usage levels, and not all products in a category use every available enumber.

Examples include E100 curcumin (yellow colorant from turmeric), E101 riboflavin (vitamin B2 used as colorant and nutrient), E102 tartrazine, E110 Sunset Yellow FCF, E120 cochineal (carminic acid), E133 Brilliant Blue FCF, and E150a caramel color.

Public health and labeling: EFSA reassesses additives periodically, and certain enumbers carry labeling requirements or usage restrictions in some markets. Ongoing research and regulatory review influence what is allowed and how it is communicated to consumers.