Entzündungsmechanismen

Entzündungsmechanismen describes the complex biological processes that occur in response to harmful stimuli. These stimuli can include pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The primary goal of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair. This process is orchestrated by a variety of cells, including white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages, as well as various signaling molecules such as cytokines and chemokines.

The inflammatory response is typically characterized by several cardinal signs: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). Redness and heat are caused by increased blood flow to the affected area, a process called vasodilation, which is mediated by chemical mediators. Swelling results from increased permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluid and immune cells to leak into the surrounding tissues. Pain is often due to the stretching of tissues by swelling and the action of certain inflammatory mediators on nerve endings.

Neutrophils are usually the first responders, migrating to the site of injury to phagocytose (engulf) and destroy pathogens. They are followed by macrophages, which also perform phagocytosis and play a crucial role in clearing debris and initiating tissue repair. Cytokines and chemokines act as signaling molecules, attracting immune cells to the site, modulating their activity, and coordinating the overall response. While acute inflammation is a beneficial protective mechanism, chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and disease.