Embryozaad

Embryozaad is a term used to describe a seed that contains an embryo, the young sporophyte that will develop into a new plant after germination. A seed typically comprises three parts: the embryo, a nutrient tissue such as endosperm or perisperm, and a protective outer coat called the testa. In albuminous seeds the endosperm remains as a nutrient reservoir, while in exalbuminous seeds most nutrients are stored in the embryo proper.

The embryo within the seed has a main axis with structures that will form the future plant. The radicle becomes the first root, while the plumule develops into the shoot system. Many seeds also include cotyledons, which may serve as storage organs or as the first photosynthetic leaves after germination. Seed variation is broad: cereals and many monocots often have a small, tightly packed embryo with substantial endosperm, whereas many dicots have larger embryos with different cotyledon arrangements.

Seed development follows fertilization and includes processes that lead to dormancy. Dormancy can be caused by the seed coat, chemical inhibitors, or physiological conditions that prevent germination under unfavorable circumstances. Breaking dormancy or ensuring successful germination may require environmental cues such as temperature changes, light, stratification, or scarification.

In practical terms, embryoazad is central to agriculture and horticulture. Seed viability tests assess the proportion of seeds capable of germination. Storage under cool, dry conditions helps maintain viability over time. Understanding embryozaad biology supports seed banks, breeding programs, and reliable propagation of crop and ornamental species.