Elektrostimulationseinrichtungen

Elektrostimula, or electrostimulation, refers to technologies that apply electrical impulses to body tissues to modulate nerve activity or cause muscle contraction. It encompasses clinical therapies, rehabilitation tools, and some consumer devices used at home.

Common modalities include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), electrical muscle stimulation (EMS/NMES), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and interferential therapy (IFC). Devices vary in waveform, frequency, pulse width, and electrode configuration, from surface pads to implanted leads.

Applications include pain relief, muscle strengthening and reeducation after injury, stroke or surgery, spasticity management, edema reduction, and nerve rehabilitation. In sport and cosmetics, electrostimulation is used as an adjunct, though efficacy is protocol-dependent.

Mechanisms involve activation of sensory nerves to modulate pain or motor nerves to evoke contractions. Key parameters are frequency, pulse width, and intensity, which influence effect and tolerability. Proper electrode placement and skin preparation are important for safety and effectiveness.

Safety concerns include skin irritation, burns, and interference with implanted devices. Contraindications include certain circuitry implants, pregnancy in sensitive areas, and active infections at the site. Medical devices for electrostimulation are regulated and require clearance or conformity assessment before sale for specified indications.

History traces to early experiments in electricity; modern devices date to the 20th century, with expanding clinical use and consumer availability. Ongoing research seeks optimized protocols and new indications.