Elektrolytmängel

Elektrolytmängel, also known as electrolyte imbalances, occur when the concentration of essential minerals in the body fluids, such as blood and urine, becomes too low or too high. These minerals, called electrolytes, include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. They play vital roles in numerous bodily functions, including nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction, hydration, and maintaining proper blood pH.

Common causes of electrolyte imbalances include dehydration due to excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea. Certain medical conditions like kidney disease, heart failure, and hormonal disorders can also disrupt electrolyte balance. Medications, particularly diuretics, can contribute to these deficiencies or excesses. Inadequate dietary intake of certain electrolytes can also lead to imbalances over time.

Symptoms vary depending on the specific electrolyte affected and the severity of the imbalance. Mild imbalances might cause fatigue, muscle cramps, or nausea. More severe deficiencies or excesses can lead to serious complications such as irregular heart rhythms, seizures, confusion, and even coma. For instance, low potassium levels (hypokalemia) can impair muscle function and heart rhythm, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to dehydration and neurological issues.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, a review of medical history, and blood tests to measure electrolyte levels. Treatment strategies are tailored to the underlying cause and the specific electrolyte imbalance. This may involve rehydration with electrolyte-rich fluids, dietary adjustments, or medications to correct the levels. In severe cases, intravenous administration of electrolytes may be necessary.