Elektrolytlose

Elektrolytlose, or electrolyte loss, refers to the depletion of minerals in body fluids that are essential for nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. The key electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Losses can occur through excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, wound drainage, or other forms of fluid loss, and may be accompanied by dehydration. They can also result from the use of diuretics, kidney disease, adrenal or other hormonal disorders, or inadequate dietary intake.

Symptoms depend on which electrolyte is affected and the severity of the loss. Common signs include thirst, fatigue, muscle cramps, dizziness, confusion, and, in serious cases, irregular heartbeat or seizures. Changes in fluid status can also lead to reduced urine output and blood pressure fluctuations.

Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing. Blood tests measure serum electrolytes, acid-base status, and kidney function, while urine tests may help identify the cause of loss.

Treatment depends on severity and cause. Mild electrolyte loss is often managed with oral rehydration solutions that contain balanced amounts of sodium, glucose, and other electrolytes. More significant losses or dangerous imbalances require intravenous fluids and targeted electrolyte replacements, administered under medical supervision. Rapid correction can be harmful in some conditions, such as severe hyponatremia.

Prevention focuses on maintaining adequate hydration and electrolyte intake during heat exposure, illness with vomiting or diarrhea, or prolonged physical activity. Sports drinks or oral rehydration solutions can help replace both fluids and electrolytes as needed. See also dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and rehydration therapy.