Einengung

Einengung is a German term that denotes constriction or compression, specifically the narrowing of a passage, canal, or tissue that impedes function. While it can describe a general narrowing, in medical contexts it often refers to pathological compression of nerves, vessels, or organs. The term is also used more broadly in physics or engineering to describe choke points in ducts, channels, or flow systems.

In medicine, Einengung describes conditions where a structure is physically pressed upon, leading to impaired function. Examples include Einengung of a nerve root in the spine (such as spinal or foraminal stenosis), which can cause pain, numbness or weakness along the nerve distribution. Vascular Einengung occurs when blood vessels are compressed, potentially reducing blood flow and causing ischemia or claudication. The concept also applies to entrapment neuropathies and to compression of organs or soft tissues by tumors, inflammation, or external devices.

Causes of Einengung are diverse and may include degenerative changes (like disc herniation or bone spurs), tumor growth, edema, scar tissue, or external pressure. Symptoms depend on the affected system and may include pain, tingling, numbness, weakness, reduced mobility, or impaired perfusion in the area served by the compressed structure.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging and functional studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can reveal structural compression, while Doppler ultrasound or nerve conduction studies assess blood flow and nerve function. Treatment aims to relieve compression and restore function, ranging from conservative measures (rest, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications) to surgical decompression or resection of the compressive agent in persistent or severe cases.

See also: Verengung, Kompression, Nervenengpass.