Doctorates

Doctorates, or doctoral degrees, are the highest level of academic qualification awarded by universities in many countries. They indicate that the holder has completed advanced study and produced original research or scholarship that advances knowledge or practice. Doctorates are commonly categorized as research doctorates and professional doctorates. Research doctorates emphasize sustained inquiry and the creation of new knowledge, while professional doctorates focus on applying expertise to solve real-world problems.

Common examples of research doctorates include the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and the Doctor of Science (DSc). Examples of professional doctorates include the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD), Doctor of Education (EdD), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). Degrees exist in many fields, including engineering, humanities, social sciences, and health sciences.

Requirements vary by country and field but typically include the completion of a prior degree, a substantial research proposal, advanced coursework, qualifying or comprehensive exams, and the completion of a dissertation or an equivalent capstone project that is defended before a committee. Full-time study commonly lasts about three to six years, though durations vary widely.

Outcomes and use: holders pursue careers in higher education, research organizations, industry, government, or professional practice leadership. In some jurisdictions, professional doctorates are designed to prepare practitioners as high-level experts; in others, they are distinguished from research doctorates by emphasis and requirements. Honorary doctorates may be awarded to recognize notable achievements but do not reflect completed study and do not confer academic privileges.