Dissent

Dissent refers to the expression or holding of opinions that oppose or differ from those held by a majority, a government, an institution, or a prevailing viewpoint. It is a normal element of pluralism in political, legal, academic, and social life, and does not inherently imply unlawful activity. Dissent can be public or private, verbal or written, and may be prospective (advocating alternatives) or critical (questioning decisions after they are made).

Common forms include dissenting opinions in judicial settings, parliamentary or legislative opposition, protest or civil disobedience, whistleblowing, critical journalism, scholarship, and online or social media critique. Dissent can be constructive when it raises concerns, reveals errors, or broadens policy options; but it can also be, or be perceived as, obstruction or disloyalty depending on context and power relations.

Historically, dissent has played a role in advancing rights and reforms—such as freedom of speech, due process, and civil rights—though it may face sanctions in authoritarian regimes, including censorship, harassment, or legal penalties. In liberal democracies, protections for dissent are often framed as essential to accountability and open debate, with legal rights such as freedom of expression and assembly providing room for disagreement.

Related concepts include dissent in law (dissenting opinions), pluralism, opposition, and whistleblowing. Dissent remains a contentious and dynamic feature of political and social life, reflecting differing value judgments about policy, power, and legitimacy.