Diodai

Diodai are two-terminal electronic components that exhibit a nonlinear current–voltage relationship, enabling current to flow predominantly in one direction. Most diodai are based on a p–n junction formed by p-type and n-type semiconductors such as silicon or germanium. When forward-biased, the depletion region narrows and carriers cross the junction, producing a relatively small and approximately constant forward voltage drop and significant conduction. In reverse bias, the depletion region widens and the current remains very small until breakdown occurs.

Several common types of diodai exist for different functions. PN-junction diodes are used for rectification and signal demodulation. Schottky diodai employ a metal–semiconductor junction to achieve very fast switching and a lower forward voltage. Zener diodai are designed to operate in reverse breakdown to provide voltage regulation. Photodiodes generate photocurrent when exposed to light, and LEDs (light-emitting diodai) emit light when forward biased. Other variants include tunnel diodai, which rely on quantum tunneling, and transient-voltage-suppression diodai (TVS) for circuit protection.

Materials and fabrication have advanced from early crystal rectifiers to modern silicon-based devices, with specialized materials (germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride) used for high-speed, high-power, or optoelectronic applications. Key performance metrics include the forward voltage drop, reverse leakage current, breakdown voltage, switching speed, and current-handling capability.

Diodai play a foundational role in power supplies, radio and signal processing, data communication, lighting, sensing, and circuit protection, reflecting their versatility across electronics.