Difluoroethanes

Difluoroethanes are a group of organic fluorine compounds derived from ethane by substituting two hydrogen atoms with fluorine. Their general molecular formula is C2H4F2, and they exist as two structural isomers: 1,1-difluoroethane, in which both fluorine atoms are attached to the same carbon (geminal difluoride), and 1,2-difluoroethane, where the fluorines occupy adjacent carbons (vicinal difluoride).

Most difluoroethanes are prepared by difluorination of ethane or related fluorination routes that introduce fluorine onto an ethyl precursor. Industrial methods may involve fluorination of ethylene derivatives or halogen exchange steps starting from higher fluorinated ethanes. They are typically handled as volatile liquids or gases at room temperature, with properties governed by the C–F bonds and the arrangement of fluorines in each isomer. The two isomers differ in physical characteristics and dipole moments, reflecting their distinct structures.

Difluoroethanes find use as intermediates in the synthesis of other fluorinated compounds and, in some cases, as specialty solvents or reagents in organic chemistry. Environmental and regulatory considerations apply to fluorinated hydrocarbons generally due to potential contributions to greenhouse gas inventories, and some applications are restricted or phased down in many regions. Safety aspects include standard precautions for handling volatile fluorinated compounds: ensure adequate ventilation and avoid accidental inhalation or accumulation in enclosed spaces.

See also: difluoromethane, other difluoroalkanes.