Deamino

Deamino refers to a chemical modification where an amino group (-NH2) is removed from a molecule. This process can occur through various chemical reactions, often involving the replacement of the amino group with a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group. In biological contexts, deamination is a crucial metabolic pathway, particularly in the breakdown of amino acids. Enzymes called deaminases catalyze these reactions.

For instance, in protein catabolism, amino acids are deaminated to produce ammonia and a keto acid. Ammonia is a toxic byproduct that must be converted into a less toxic form, such as urea, before excretion. The keto acid can then enter other metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle, for energy production or be used for the synthesis of other molecules.

Deamination also plays a role in the synthesis of certain biomolecules. For example, the deamination of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a step in the synthesis of inosine monophosphate (IMP), a precursor for purine nucleotides.

In medicinal chemistry, deamination can be used to alter the properties of drugs, potentially affecting their efficacy, metabolism, or toxicity. For example, desmopressin, a synthetic analog of the hormone vasopressin, is a deaminated derivative that has reduced pressor (blood pressure raising) activity while retaining its antidiuretic properties. This modification allows for its use in treating conditions like diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis.