Darm

Darm is the term used in German for the intestine, the portion of the digestive tract that runs from the end of the stomach to the anus. It includes the small and large intestines and plays a central role in digestion, nutrient absorption, water balance, and waste elimination.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube where most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs. It consists of the duodenum, where chyme mixes with bile and pancreatic enzymes; the jejunum, where most nutrients are absorbed; and the ileum, where bile acids and vitamin B12 are reabsorbed. Villi and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption. The large intestine, or colon, absorbs water and electrolytes and forms feces. It includes the cecum, ascending to transverse to descending and sigmoid segments, and ends at the rectum.

Functions of the Darm encompass digestion, chemical breakdown of nutrients, and the absorption of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. It also serves as a barrier against pathogens and harbors a diverse gut microbiota that influences metabolism, immunity, and even mood. Movement through the tract, or peristalsis, and local reflexes regulate transit, while hormonal and neural signals coordinate digestion.

Blood supply to the Darm arises mainly from the mesenteric arteries, with venous drainage to the portal system. The enteric nervous system, including the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, coordinates motility and secretion, with modulation by the autonomic nervous system, especially the vagus nerve.

Common conditions affecting the Darm include inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), diverticulosis, appendicitis, colorectal cancer, bowel obstruction, and various malabsorption disorders. Diagnosis and management depend on symptoms, imaging, endoscopy, and laboratory tests.