Crossstraits

Cross-straits refers to the relations between Mainland China and Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait. The term is used to describe political, economic, social, and cultural interactions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan.

Historically, the PRC has governed the mainland since 1949, while the ROC government retreated to Taiwan. The PRC regards Taiwan as part of its territory under the One China principle, while the ROC’s international status has evolved over time and remains a contentious issue in regional diplomacy. Cross-strait dialogue has occurred within frameworks that emphasize one China with varying interpretations, most notably a 1992 understanding that allows limited channels for communication and cooperation.

Economic and people-to-people ties have grown significantly since the late 20th century. Direct transport, mail, and trade links—often referred to as the Three Links—developed gradually to facilitate exchange. Economic agreements such as the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) signed in 2010 and related measures aimed to reduce barriers to trade and investment. Tourism, investment, and industrial cooperation have become major components of cross-strait interaction, particularly in sectors such as technology and manufacturing.

Diplomatic and security aspects remain central to cross-strait relations. The PRC maintains formal diplomatic ties with a small number of states, while the ROC maintains limited official recognition. Practical dialogue is conducted through semi-official institutions, including the ARATS (PRC side) and the Straits Exchange Foundation (ROC side). The relationship is closely tied to regional security dynamics and domestic politics in both sides, and is subject to shifts in leadership, policy, and international contexts.