Condyli

Condyli are the plural form of condylus, a Latin term used in anatomy to denote rounded, knob-like articular projections on bones. The singular condylus refers to such a projection. Condyli are typically involved in articulations and are often coated with articular cartilage on their surfaces, enabling smooth movement against a neighboring bone or cartilage surface.

Notable examples include the occipital condyles at the base of the skull, which articulate with the atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint; the medial and lateral femoral condyles, which articulate with the tibial plateau at the knee; and the mandibular condyle (condylar process), which articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint. In some bones, multiple condyli are present as paired structures that contribute to joint formation and load transmission.

Developmentally, condyli arise from endochondral ossification centers and may serve as growth sites; the mandibular condyle in particular can contribute to the growth of the mandible. Clinically, injury or disease affecting condyli—such as fractures of the mandibular condyle or degeneration at knee condyles—can impact joint function and alignment.

Condyli should not be confused with epicondyles, which are projections above a condyle for ligament and muscle attachment, or with non-articular bumps elsewhere on bone.