Comparativesuffix

Comparativesuffix refers to a suffix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives and, less commonly, adverbs in some languages, most notably English. In English, the primary comparative suffix is -er, while the corresponding superlative suffix is -est. The suffix attaches to the base form following standard spelling rules, sometimes with orthographic changes.

Formation rules:

- One-syllable adjectives: add -er and -est (big -> bigger, biggest). If the base ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel, the final consonant is doubled (hot -> hotter, hottest; big -> bigger, biggest). If the base ends in -e, add -r and -st (late -> later, latest).

- Adjectives of two syllables: most take more/most (polite -> more polite). A small set uses -er/-est, and adjectives ending in -y form the -ier/-iest forms (happy -> happier, happiest).

- Irregulars: some adjectives have suppletive forms (good -> better; bad -> worse; far -> farther or further).

- Adverbs: the basic -er/-est pattern also forms comparatives for many short adverbs (fast -> faster). Many adverbs formed with -ly use more/most (quickly -> more quickly).

Origin: the -er/-est suffixes descend from old Germanic comparative markers and are cognate across English and other Germanic languages.

Usage notes: The choice between -er/-est and more/most can affect emphasis and formality; in many multi-syllable adjectives, more/most is preferred for readability. Some adjectives accept both forms in modern usage, with nuance and style guiding choice.

See also: comparative degree, superlative degree, spelling rules.