Closeorder

Closeorder refers to a military drill formation in which troops are arranged at short intervals, with ranks and files in close proximity. In closeorder formations, soldiers stand shoulder to shoulder with little space between individuals, creating a dense, cohesive unit. This arrangement contrasts with open order, which spaces soldiers more widely to improve maneuverability, visibility, and individual engagement with the terrain.

Historically, closeorder drill became standard in European and American infantry during the early modern and Napoleonic eras. Dense formations facilitated rapid assembly, mutual support, and coordinated volley fire, and they served as a visible symbol of unit discipline. Closeorder also supported rapid movement over short distances and simplified command and control in large formations.

Key characteristics of closeorder include fixed spacing, uniform alignment, and discipline in maintaining distance from adjacent ranks. Drill commands focus on dressing ranks, maintaining alignment, and preserving the integrity of the formation during movement. Closeorder capabilities are enhanced by practiced routines and standardized procedures, which aimed to maximize cohesion and response to commanders.

In contemporary practice, closeorder drill is less common in regular frontline operations, where open or dispersed formations are favored for tactical flexibility and survivability. Many modern militaries continue to teach closeorder drill as part of ceremonial duties, basic training, and historical education, preserving the discipline and tradition associated with dense, orderly formations.

See also: open order, drill and ceremony, formation drill.