Chloridu

Chloridu is a term used in some languages for chloride compounds. In English the standard term is chloride. It can refer to the chloride ion, Cl−, or to salts and compounds containing this anion. The name derives from Latin chloridum.

Chloride chemistry covers a wide range. The chloride ion is a monovalent anion that forms ionic salts with many metals. Inorganic chlorides such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) are typically colorless solids with high melting points and high water solubility. Some chlorides are covalent or volatile, such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4). Many chlorides hydrolyze in water, releasing hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Occurrence and production: Chlorides occur widely in nature, notably as rock salt and in seawater. Industrial production of chlorine-containing compounds often uses the chlor-alkali process, which electrolyzes brine to produce chlorine gas, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. Chlorides are used as food additives, de-icers, and as precursors for plastics, catalysts, and solvents.

Examples and applications: Organic chlorides include solvents like methylene chloride and chloroform, and reagents such as acetyl chloride. Vinyl chloride monomer leads to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). While many chlorides are benign salts, some chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic or persistent environmental pollutants.

Biology and safety: Chloride ions are essential electrolytes in animals and plants, involved in hydration, digestion, and nerve signaling. Some chlorine-containing compounds pose hazards due to toxicity, corrosivity, or persistence, so their production, use, and disposal are regulated.