Chephren

Chephren was a pharaoh of the Old Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt, specifically a ruler of the 4th dynasty. His full name is believed to be Khafr-re, but he is commonly known by the Greek version of his name, Chephren or Chephrenes. He is thought to have ruled between circa 2520 and 2494 BC, succeeding his father Userkaf and preceding Menkaure.

Chephren is notable for his extensive architectural projects, particularly the construction of the second pyramid at Giza, which is also known as the Pyramid of Khafre. This pyramid is one of the largest in the Giza complex, with a base perimeter of approximately 705 meters and an original height of about 143 meters. It is estimated that Chephren spent around 15 million days of labor to complete the pyramid, which would have taken many generations to finish.

Chephren's reign is characterized by significant economic and cultural growth, including trade with neighboring states and the development of art and architecture. His rule is thought to have been marked by a more aggressive foreign policy than his predecessors, with archaeological evidence suggesting extensive trade and diplomatic exchanges with Nubia and other regions.

The Pyramid Texts, which contain spells to aid the deceased pharaoh in his afterlife journey, credit Chephren with being a mighty ruler, skilled in the art of warfare and wise in the ways of the gods. However, the historical record of Chephren's life is limited, and much of what is known about him comes from archaeology and the study of ancient texts.