Cementes

Cementes is a term used in some languages to refer to cement, a binding material that hardens over time when mixed with water and used to join, fill, or coat materials such as aggregates, bricks, and stone. Most modern cementes are hydraulic binders, meaning they gain strength through hydration reactions and can set under water.

The most common cementes are Portland cement-based products. These are produced by calcining a blend of calcium-rich materials, typically limestone or chalk, with silica, alumina, and iron oxides in a kiln to form clinker. The clinker is then ground to a fine powder and mixed with small amounts of gypsum to control setting time. Beyond Portland cement, there are blended cements that include supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, slag, or natural pozzolans, which can improve durability and reduce environmental impact. Lime-based cementes, including hydraulic lime, are also used in traditional or specialty applications.

Cementes are a key component of concrete when combined with aggregates, or of mortars and plasters when used with binders and water. They enable construction of structures, foundations, pavements, and decorative finishes. The performance of cementes depends on composition, curing conditions, and the quality of aggregates and water, influencing strength, durability, and resistance to cracking.

Environmental considerations center on energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from clinker production. Industry efforts include clinker replacement with supplementary cementitious materials, improved efficiency, alternative fuels, and research into low-emission cements. Handling and safety measures address dust, chemical exposure, and skin irritation.