Carnivals

Carnivals are seasonal festivals marked by public celebrations, elaborate costumes, parades, music, dancing, and street performances. They are traditionally associated with the period before Lent in Christian-influenced cultures and vary widely in form from country to country. In many places the events culminate in a final day or weekend, such as Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras.

Historically, carnivals developed in medieval Europe as the last moment of feasting before the Lenten fast. Over time they incorporated local customs, religious rites, and secular entertainments. The practice spread to the Americas and other regions through colonization and migration, adapting to new cultural contexts and creating distinctive styles.

Common elements include masquerade costumes and masks, large daytime parades, music and dancing, street foods, and community or school groups organizing performances. The length, scale, and rules of celebrations vary: some are neighborhood street carnivals, others are citywide spectacles with televised broadcasts.

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, samba schools compete in large parades with themed floats. In Venice, Italy, masked balls and public masquerade are prominent. In New Orleans, United States, parades and second-line brass bands are typical, with strong African, French, and Caribbean influences. Notting Hill Carnival in London showcases Caribbean-inspired music and costumes. Trinidad and Tobago hosts one of the world’s largest street carnivals, emphasizing calypso and soca music.

Economically, carnivals can boost tourism and local commerce but require substantial organization and policing. They also face debates over cultural representation and safety.