CHDs

CHDS, or Congenital Heart Defects, refers to a range of structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. These defects can affect the heart's walls, valves, arteries, and veins, and may alter the normal flow of blood through the heart. CHDs are among the most common types of birth defects, affecting nearly 1% of births worldwide.

The causes of CHDs are multifactorial and can include genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities, and environmental influences. Some known risk factors include maternal diabetes, rubella infection during pregnancy, and certain medications taken during pregnancy. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

CHDs can be classified as either cyanotic or acyanotic, based on the presence or absence of cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen. Cyanotic heart defects result in deoxygenated blood flowing into the systemic circulation, while acyanotic defects do not cause cyanosis. Examples of CHDs include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of the great arteries.

Diagnosis of CHDs can occur before birth (prenatally) through specialized imaging techniques like fetal echocardiography, or after birth (postnatally) through physical examination, echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the defect and can range from medication and monitoring to surgical intervention.

Early diagnosis and treatment of CHDs are crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life. Advances in medical and surgical techniques have significantly increased the life expectancy and quality of life for individuals with CHDs. However, many individuals with CHDs require lifelong specialized care and follow-up.