BystanderIntervention
Bystander intervention refers to the actions taken by individuals who observe an emergency, wrongdoing, or unsafe situation with the aim of preventing harm or providing assistance. The concept encompasses a range of responses, from alerting authorities to directly offering help. It is often studied in contrast to the bystander effect, a social-psychological principle that helping becomes less likely as the number of observers grows.
Origins lie in the work of Latané and Darley (1960s–1970s). In experiments on diffusion of responsibility, observers
Intervention likelihood depends on situational cues (clarity of emergency, perceived danger, time pressure) and individual factors
Several models outline steps to intervene: notice the event; interpret it as an emergency; assume personal responsibility;
Despite potential benefits, intervention can pose risks to helpers and recipients. Legal frameworks vary; some places
Bystander intervention training programs are used in schools, workplaces, and online campaigns to teach practical skills,